Investigating Professional Teacher Identity through ESP Courses: Voices from Three EFL Instructors via Case Studies

Authors

  • Zülal Ayar Ankara University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140401

Keywords:

Case study, perception, professional competence, self-efficacy, teacher identity

Abstract

The current zeitgeist in language teacher education dwells on teacher identity regarding it as one of the big buzzwords to explore and critically reflect teacher qualities from a socio-cognitive perspective. Drawing from this current trend, the research intended to disambiguate three English language instructors’ sense of self-efficacy, perceptions, professional identity and professional competence in one of the most established and prestigious state universities in the country through the qualitative case study method. After selecting ESP practitioners following convenience sampling, autobiographies, informal dialogues, classroom observations, opening interviews, post-observation interviews, and field notes were utilized to gather data. Having scrutinized the professional identities of instructors through the lens of self-efficacy beliefs, perceptions, and professional competence, the study exposed that professional competence came to the fore being the best mediator to gain awareness of professional teacher identity. However, self-efficacy did not subserve as a predictor in exploring the complexity of teacher identity due to discordance with perceptions and realities of identity issues. Finally, some suggestions for further considerations were stated to be operationalized within the EFL context of in-service language teacher education.

References

Alsup, J. (2006) Teacher identity discourses: Negotiating personal and professional spaces, London: Routledge.

Atkinson, E. (2000) ‘The Promise of Uncertainty: Education, Postmodernism and the Politics of Possibility’, International Studies in Sociology of Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210000200050

Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E. and Hilgard, E. R. (1987) Introduction to psychology, 9th edition, San Diego, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers.

Austin, B., Adesope, O. O., French, B. F., Gotch, C., Bélanger, J. and Kubacka, K. (2015) ‘Examining School Context and Its Influence on Teachers: Linking Talis 2013 with PISA 2012 Student Data’, OECD Education Working Papers, No. 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js3f5fgkns4-en

Babanoğlu, M. P. and Ağçam, R. (2019) ‘Turkish EFL Teacher Candidates’ Early Teacher Identity’ Asian Journal of Education and Training, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 386–391. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.386.391

Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.

Basturkmen, H. (2012) ‘Review of Research into the Correspondence between Language Teachers’ Stated Beliefs and Practices’, System, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.05.001

Beijaard, D., Verloop, N. and Vermunt, J. D. (2000) ‘Teachers’ Perceptions of Professional Identity: An Exploratory Study from A Personal Knowledge Perspective’, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 749–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00023-8

Blömeke, S. and Delaney, S. (2012) ‘Assessment of Teacher Knowledge across Countries: A Review of the State of Research’, ZDM Mathematics Education, Vol. 44, pp. 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-012-0429-7

Buchanan, R. (2015) ‘Teacher Identity and Agency in an Era of Accountability’, Teachers and Teaching, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 700–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1044329

Campion, M. A., Palmer, D. K. and Campion, J. E. (1997) ‘A Review of Structure in the Selection Interview’, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 655–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00709.x

Charters, W. W. (1976) Sense of teacher work autonomy: Measurement & findings, Eugene, OR: Center for Educational Policy and Management, University of Oregon.

Conway, J. M., Jako, R. A. and Goodman, D. F. (1995) ‘A Meta-Analysis of Interrater and Internal Consistency Reliability of Selection Interviews’, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.5.565

Cooney, T. J. and Shealy, B. E. (1997) ‘On understanding the structure of teachers’ beliefs and their relationship to change’, in Fennema, E. and Nelson, B. S. (ed.) Mathematics teachers in transition (pp. 87–109), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Creswell, J. (2007) Qualitative inquiry & research design, London: Sage Publications.

Day, C. (2002) ‘School Reform and Transitions in Teacher Professionalism and Identity’, International Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00065-X

Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (2000) ‘Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being, American Psychologist, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Derakhshan, A., Coombe, C., Arabmofrad, A. and Taghizadeh, M. (2020) ‘Investigating the Effects of English Language Teachers’ Professional Identity and Autonomy in Their Success’, Issues in Language Teaching, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.22054/ilt.2020.52263.496

Denzin, N. K. (1978) Sociological methods: A sourcebook, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Dikilitaş, K. and Mumford, S. E. (2019) ‘Teacher Autonomy Development through Reading Teacher Research: Agency, Motivation and Identity’, Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2018.1442471

Dudley-Evans, T. and John, M. (1997) Developments in English for specific purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Duff, P. A. (2008) Case study research in applied linguistics, New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Duff, P. A. and Uchida, Y. (1997) ‘The Negotiation of Teachers’ Sociocultural Identities and Practices in Postsecondary EFL Classrooms’, TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 451–486. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587834

Engeness, I. (2021) ‘Developing Teachers’ Digital Identity: Towards the Pedagogic Design Principles of Digital Environments to Enhance Students’ Learning in the 21st Century’, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849129

Eraut, M. (1994) Developing professional knowledge and competence, London: Falmer Press.

Firestone, W. A. (1993) ‘Alternative Arguments for Generalizing from Data as Applied to Qualitative Research’, Educational Researcher, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 16–2. https://doi.org/10.2307/1177100

Fotovatian, S. (2015) ‘Language, Institutional Identity and Integration: Lived Experiences of ESL Teachers in Australia’, Globalisation, Societies and Education, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.934072

Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures, New York: Basic Books.

Górska-Poręcka, B. (2013) ‘The Role of Teacher Knowledge in ESP Course Design’, Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 27–42. https://doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2013-0021

Harun, R. N. S. R. (2019) ‘The Construction and Reconstruction of ESL Student Teachers’ Professional Identity’, Studies in English Language and Education, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v6i1.13073

Henson, R. K. (2002) ‘From Adolescent Angst to Adulthood: Substantive Implications and Measurement Dilemmas in the Development of Teacher Efficacy Research’, Educational Psychologist, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3703_1

Huang, J. (2009) Autonomy, agency and identity in foreign language learning and teaching [Unpublished PhD Thesis], Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.

Hurt-Avila, K. M. and Castillo, J. (2017) ‘Accreditation, Professional Identity Development, and Professional Competence: A Discriminant Analysis’, Journal of Counsellor Leadership and Advocacy, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2017.1282331

Ibarra, H. (1999) ‘Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 764–791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667055

Lasky, S. (2005) ‘A Sociocultural Approach to Understanding Teacher Identity, Agency and Professional Vulnerability in A Context of Secondary School Reform’, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.003

Lauermann, F. and Konig, J. (2016) ‘Teachers’ Professional Competence and Wellbeing: Understanding the Links between General Pedagogical Knowledge, Self-efficacy and Burnout’, Learning and Instruction, Vol. 45, pp. 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.06.006

Lennert da Silva, A. L. and Mølstad, C. E. (2020) ‘Teacher Autonomy and Teacher Agency: A Comparative Study in Brazilian and Norwegian Lower Secondary Education’, The Curriculum Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.3

Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Lincoln, Y. and Guba, E. (2002) ‘The only generalization is: There is no generalization’, in Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. (ed.) Case study method (pp. 27–44), London: Sage.

Long, N. (2014) Teacher autonomy in a context of Chinese tertiary education: case studies of EFL teachers, [Online], Available: https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/103 [12 Apr 2020]

McNicholl, J. (2012) ‘Relational Agency and Teacher Development: A CHAT Analysis of A Collaborative Professional Inquiry Project with Biology Teachers’, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2012.686992

Merriam, S. B. (2009) Qualitative research and case study applications in education: Revised and expanded from case study in education, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B. and Tisdell, E. J. (2016) Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation, 4th edition, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Miles, M, B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mills, A. J., Durepos, G. and Wiebe, E. (ed.) (2010) Encyclopaedia of case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397

Newton, D. P. and Newton, L. D. (2001) ‘Subject Content Knowledge and Teacher Talk in the Primary Science Classroom’, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619760220128914

Nunan, D. and Bailey, K. M. (2010) Exploring second language classroom research: A comprehensive guide, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Olsen, B. (2008) Teaching what they learn, learning what they live, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Pajares, M. F. (1992) ‘Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning up A Messy Construct’, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 307–332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307

Pantic, N., Wubbels, T. and Mainhard, T. (2011) ‘Teacher Competence as A Basis for Teacher Education: Comparing Views of Teachers and Teacher Educators in Five Western Balkan Countries’, Comparative Education Review, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1086/657154

Patton, M. Q. (2002) Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 3rd edition, London: Sage Publications.

Qi, W., Sorokina, N. and Liu, Y. (2021) ‘The Construction of Teacher Identity in Education for Sustainable Development: The Case of Chinese ESP Teachers’, International Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 284–298. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n2p284

Richards, J. C. (2021) ‘Teacher, Learner and Student-Teacher Identity in TESOL’, RELC Journal, pp.1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688221991308

Robinson, J. E. and Norris, N. F. J. (2001) ‘Generalisation: The Linchpin of Evidence Based Practice?’, Educational Action Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790100200155

Ross, J. A. (1995) ‘Strategies for Enhancing Teachers’ Beliefs in Their Effectiveness: Research on A School Improvement Hypothesis’, Teachers College Record, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 227–251.

Ruddin, L. P. (2006) ‘You Can Generalize Stupid! Social Scientists, Bent Flyvbjerg, and Case Study Methodology’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 797–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406288622

Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind, London: Hutchinson.

Sachs, J. (2005) ‘Teacher education and the development of professional identity: Learning to be a teacher’, in Denicolo, P. and Kompf, M. (ed.) Connecting policy and practice: Challenges for teaching and learning in schools and universities (pp. 5–21), Oxford: Routledge.

Salinas, D. and Ayala, M. (2017) ‘EFL Student-Teachers’ Identity Construction: A Case Study in Chile’, HOW, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 33–49. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.25.1.380

Schein E. H. (1978) Career dynamics. Matching individual and organizational needs, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Sendan, F. (1995) Patterns of development in EFL student teachers’ personal theories: A constructivist approach, [Unpublished PhD Thesis] Reading: University of Reading.

Shulman, L. (1987) ‘Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411

Skaalvik, E. M. and Skaalvik, S. (2011) ‘Teachers’ Feeling of Belonging, Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction: The Role of School Goal Structure and Value Consonance’, Anxiety, Stress & Coping, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.544300

Smylie, M. A. (1996) ‘From Bureaucratic Control to Building Human Capital: The Importance of Teacher Learning in Education Reform’, Educational Researcher, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 9–11. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X025009009

Steiner, L. (2010) ‘Using competency-based evaluation to drive teacher excellence: Lessons from Singapore’, Public Impact, [Online], Available: https://opportunityculture.org/images/stories/singapore_lessons_2010.pdf [26 Mar 2020].

Tao, J. and Gao, X. (2018) ‘Identity Constructions of ESP Teachers in A Chinese University’, English for Specific Purposes, Vol. 49, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.09.003

Tellis, W. M. (1997) ‘Application of A Case Study Methodology’, The Qualitative Report, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/1997.2015

Teng, M. F. (2019) Autonomy, agency, and identity in teaching and learning English as a foreign language, Singapore: Springer.

Tschannen-Moran, M. and Hoy, A. W. (2001) ‘Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct’, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1

Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W. and Hoy, W. K. (1998) ‘Teacher Efficacy: Its Meaning and Measure’, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 202–248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202

Vähäsantanen, K. (2015) ‘Professional Agency in the Stream of Change: Understanding Educational Change and Teachers’ Professional Identities’, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 47, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.11.006

Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B. and Johnson, K. A. (2005) ‘Theorizing Language Teacher Identity: Three Perspectives and Beyond’, Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978) Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Woodside, A. G. (2010) Case study research: Theory, methods, practice, Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Yin, R. K. (2003) Case study research: Design and methods, 3rd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Yazan, B. (2016) ‘Early Career EFL Teachers’ Instructional Challenges’, Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 194–220.

Yuan, R. and Lee, I. (2016) ‘I Need to Be Strong and Competent: A Narrative Inquiry of a Student-Teacher’s Emotions and Identities in Teaching Practicum’, Teachers and Teaching, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 819-841. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1185819

Additional Files

Published

2021-12-20

How to Cite

Ayar, Z. (2021) ’Investigating Professional Teacher Identity through ESP Courses: Voices from Three EFL Instructors via Case Studies’, Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 204–216. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140401

Issue

Section

Research Paper