Efficiency of Public and Private Service Delivery: The Case of Secondary Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2022.150104Keywords:
Data Envelopment Analysis, efficiency, grammar schools, secondary education, Slovak RepublicAbstract
A current issue is the evaluation of the efficiency of various types of education service providers. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of the services of secondary education provided by a variety of types of providers. The evaluation of secondary education is performed on a sample of 26 grammar schools in the Prešov region of the Slovak Republic. The method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used. The results of the efficiency of 26 grammar schools in the period 2012-2013 to 2016-2017 showed that grammar schools from the sample established by all providers (public, private, church entity) reached the full efficiency score. By contrast, six grammar schools were evaluated as the least efficient. The evaluation of the set of grammar schools based on the average efficiency score also showed that, from the viewpoint of the types of providers, public grammar schools reach higher efficiency scores, in comparison with church and private grammar schools. These findings expand on the theory of public goods with respect to their production and render valuable information for not only education providers but also creators of regional strategic plans in education policies.
References
Afonso, A. and Aubyn, M. (2006) ‘Cross-country efficiency of secondary education provision: A semi-parametric analysis with non-discretionary inputs’, Economic Modelling, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.02.003
Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L. and Tanzi, V. (2003) Public Sector Efficiency: An International Comparison, Working Papers no. 242, European Central Bank, [Online], Available: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp242.pdf?97d51e6d2cca0da4180e5c215dcccd8e [18 Aug 2021].
Agasisti, T. (2013) ‘The efficiency of Italian secondary schools and the potential role of competition: A data envelopment analysis using OECD-PISA 2006 data’, Education Economics, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 520–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2010.511840
Agasisti. T. (2014) ‘The efficiency of public spending on education: an empirical comparison of EU countries’, European Journal of Education, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12069
Agasisti, T. and Zoido, P. (2018) ‘Comparing the Efficiency of Schools Through International Benchmarking: Results From an Empirical Analysis of OECD PISA 2012 Data‘, Educational Researcher, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 352–362. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X18777495
Aristovnik, A. and Obadić, A. (2014) ‘Measuring relative efficiency of secondary education in selected EU and OECD countries: the case of Slovenia and Croatia‘, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 419–433. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.880085
Armstrong, M. (2015) Armstrong’s Handbook of Performance Measurement – An Evidence‐Based Guide to Delivering High Performance, 5th edition, London: Kogan Page.
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A. and Cooper, W. W. (1984) ‘Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis‘, Management Science, Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
Bohm, P. and Bohmova, G. (2016) ‘Application of Stratification DEA Method in Efficiency Evaluation of the Education Sector in an International Perspective‘, Proceedings of 16th International Scientific Conference on Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences, Zilina, pp. 230–237.
Bradley, S., Johnes, G. and Millington, J. (2001) ‘The effect of competition on the efficiency of secondary schools in England’, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 135, No. 3, pp. 545–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00328-3
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G. and Aiken, L. S. (2013) Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cordero, J. M., Polo, C., Santín, D. and Simancas, R. (2018) ‘Efficiency measurement and cross-country differences among schools: a robust conditional nonparametric analysis’, Economic Modelling, Vol. 74, No. 8, pp. 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.05.001
Cordero-Ferrera, J. M., Pedraja-Chaparro, F. and Salinas-Jiménez, J. (2008) ‘Measuring efficiency in education: an analysis of different approaches for incorporating non-discretionary inputs’, Applied Economics, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1323–1339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600771346
Coulson, A. J. (2009) ‘Comparing Public, Private, and Market Schools: The International Evidence’, Journal of School Choice, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 31–54. http://doi.org/10.1080/15582150902805016
Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L. M. and Zhu, J. (2011) Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, Springer.
Crespo-Cebada, E., Pedraja-Chaparro, F. and Santín, D. (2013) ‘Does school ownership matter? An unbiased efficiency comparison for regions of Spain’, Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 153–172. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-013-0338-y
De La Hoz, E., Zuluaga, R. and Mendoza, A. (2021) ‘Assessing and Classification of Academic Efficiency in Engineering Teaching Programs’, Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 41–52. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140104
De Witte, K. and López-Torres, L. (2017) ‘Efficiency in education: a review of literature and a way forward’, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 339–363 https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.92
Dincă, MS., Dincă G., Andronic, M. L. and Pasztori, A. M. (2021) ‘Assessment of the European Union’s Educational Efficiency’, Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 6, 3116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063116
Dlouhý, M., Jablonský, J. and Zýková, P. (2018) Data Envelopment Analysis, Prague: Professional Publishing.
European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2020) Slovakia, Upper Secondary Education and Post-Secondary Non-Tertiary Education, [Online], Available: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/funding-education-72_en [18 Apr 2021].
Ferro, G. and D’Elia, V. (2020) ‘Higher Education Efficiency Frontier Analysis: A Review of Variables to Consider’, Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 140–153. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2020.130304
Florina, P. (2017) ‘Elements on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Public Sector’, “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 313 – 319.
Gavurova, B., Kocisova, K., Belas, L. and Krajcik, V. (2017) ‘Relative efficiency of government expenditure on secondary education’, Journal of International Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 329–343. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-2/23
Haelermans, C. and De Witte, K. (2012) ‘The role of innovations in secondary school performance – Evidence from a conditional efficiency model’, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 223, No. 2, pp. 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.06.030
Henriques, C. O. and Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O. D. (2021) ‘Efficiency of secondary schools in Portugal: A novel DEA hybrid approach’, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Vol. 74, 100954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100954
Holmberg, J. (2017) The Relative Efficiency of Swedish Secondary Schools: An estimation using Stochastic Frontier Analysis, [Online], Available: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1120758/FULLTEXT01.pdf [18 Apr 2021].
Chan, Y. C. L. and Lynn, B. E. (1991) ‘Performance evaluation and the analytic hierarchy process’, Journal of Management Accounting Research, No. 3, pp. 57–87.
Cherchye, L., De Witte, K., Ooghe, E. and Nicaise, I. (2010) ‘Efficiency and equity in private and public education: a nonparametric comparison’, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 202, No. 2, pp. 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.06.015
Chlebounová, D. (2019) ‘Determination the Efficiency of secondary schools in the Pardubice region’, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Vol. 27, No. 45, pp. 77–88.
Christl, M., Köppl-Turyna, M. and Kucsera, D. (2020) ‘Determinants of Public-Sector Efficiency: Decentralization and Fiscal Rules’, Kyklos, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 253–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12224
INEKO (2020a) Portál ZŠ a SŠ, Rebríčky škól, [Online], Available: https://skoly.ineko.sk/rebricky/?r=2013&ts=Gym&k=7&l=0&u=Mat_SJ,poc_ucitelov,pedag_pocet,ziaci_pocet&h=&szpo=0&szpd=100&exto=0&extd=100&ms=0# [10 Apr 2021].
INEKO (2020b) Portál ZŠ a SŠ, Hodnotenie jednotlivých oblastí. Prijímanie na VŠ v SR, [Online], Available: https://skoly.ineko.sk/metodika/#vysvetlenie [12 Nov 2021].
INEKO (2020c) Portál ZŠ a SŠ. Vysvetlenie ukazovateľov, [Online], Available: https://skoly.ineko.sk/metodika/#vysvetlenie [12 Nov 2021].
Ittner, C. D. and Larcker, D. F. (2003) ‘Coming up short on nonfinancial performance measurement’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 81, No. 11, pp. 88–95.
Johnes, J., Portela, M. and Thanassoulis, E. (2017) ‘Efficiency in education’, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-016-0109-z
Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P. (2000) ‘Having trouble with your strategy? Then map it’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 167–176.
Kuwaiti, M. E. (2004) ‘Performance measurement process: definition and ownership’, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570410510997
Lewis, C. and Fall, F. (2017) ‘Enhancing public sector efficiency and effectiveness in the Czech Republic’, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1363, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/37ac46c4-en
Lockheed, E. L. and Hanushek, E. A. (1994) Concepts of Educational Efficiency and Effectiveness, HRO Working Papers, No. 24, World Bank.
López-Torres, L. and Prior, D. (2020) ‘Long-term efficiency of public service provision in a context of budget restrictions. An application to the education sector’, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 100946 (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100946
Mališová, D. and Štrangfeldová, J. (2020) ‘Evaluation of Efficiency in Secondary Education’, Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific-Business Conference Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research, Limen, pp. 111–119.
Mankiw, N. G. (2009) Principles of Economics,1st edition, Grada Publishing.
Margaritis, S. G., Tsamadias, C. P. and Argyropoulos, E. E. (2021) ‘Investigating the Relative Efficiency and Productivity Change of Upper Secondary Schools: the Case of Schools in the Region of Central Greece’, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00698-2
Maresova, P. and Kuca, K. (2019) ‘Are the current methods for the distribution of public funds in secondary education effective? Multiple criteria model in the Czech Republic’, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, Vol. 32, No. 1. pp. 1869–1882. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1640622
Masci, Ch., De Witte, K. and Agasisti, T. (2018) ‘The influence of school size, principal characteristics and school management practices on educational performance: An efficiency analysis of Italian students attending middle schools’, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Vol. 61, pp. 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2016.09.009
Melecký, L., Staníčková, M. and Hančlová, J. (2019) ‘Nonparametric Approach to Evaluation of Economic and Social Development in the EU28 Member States by DEA Efficiency’, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, Vol. 12, No. 2, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020072
Meričková, B. M., Štrangfeldová, J., Muthová, N. J. and Štefanišinová, N. (2020) ‘Performance measurement in education public services based on the value for money concept’, Scientific papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1099, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.46585/sp28031099
Mihaiu, D. M., Opreana, A. and Cristescu, M. P. (2010) ‘Efficiency, Effectiveness and Performance of the Public Sector’, Journal for Economic Forecasting, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 132–147.
Mikušová, P. (2017) ‘Measuring the Efficiency of the Czech Public Higher Education Institutions: An Application of DEA’, Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 58–63. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2017.100204
Millimet, L and Collier, T. (2008) ‘Efficiency in public schools: does competition matter?’, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 145, No. (1–2), pp. 134–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.05.001
National Council of the Slovak Republic (2008) Act No. 245/2008 on education and training (Education Act) and on the change and supplement to some acts as amended by subsequent provisions.
Nazarko, J. and Šaparauskas, J. (2014) ‘Application of DEA method in efficiency evaluation of public higher education institutions’, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 25–44. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.837116
OECD (2018) Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators, Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en
Opletalova, A., Novakova, Z. and Balaban, V. (2019) ‘Financing of Regional Education from the Perspective of Secondary Schools’, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2018), Athens, pp. 653–663. https://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.01.63
Provazníková, R. and Chlebounová, D. (2018) ‘The Technical Efficiency of Secondary Schools in the Pardubice Region’, Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific Conference ‘Public Administration 2018’, Pardubice, pp. 154–162.
Rao, S. (2015) Is the private sector more efficient? A cautionary tale, (Discussion paper 10), Singapore: UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence, [Online], Available: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/capacity-building/global-centre-for-public-service-excellence/efficiency.html [17 Apr 2021].
Sarrico, C. S. and Rosa, M. J. (2009) ‘Measuring and comparing the performance of Portuguese secondary schools: A confrontation between metric and practice Benchmarking’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400911000408
Seiler, M. F., Ewalt, J. A. G., Jones, J. T., Landy, B., Olds, S. and Young, P. (2006) Indicators of Efficiency and Effectiveness in Elementary and Secondary Education Spending, Legislative Research Commission, Frankfort, Kentucky, [Online], Available: http://www.lrc.ky.gov/lrcpubs/RR338.pdf [10 Apr 2021].
Silvernail, D. L. and Johnson, A. F. (2014) The Impacts of Public Charter Schools on Students and Traditional Public Schools: What Does the Empirical Evidence Tell Us?, [Online], Center for Education Policy, Applied Research, and Evaluation (CEPARE), Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED561362.pdf
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2021) Demography and Social statistics, School system and education, [Online], Available: https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/portal/ext/themes/demography/education/indicators/ [21 Mar 2021].
Stejskal, J., Kuvíková, H., Mikušová Meričková, B. and Linhartová, V. (2017) Theory and practice of public services, Prague: Wolters Kluwer.
Stiglitz, J. E. and Rosengard, J. K (2015) Economics of the Public Sector, 4th edition, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Štrangfeldová, J., Štefanišinová, N., Hronec, Š. and Mikušová Meričková, B. (2018) ‘Evaluation of Performance in Education – Value for Money’, Proceedings of the International Conference Economic Theory and Practice 2017, Banská Bystrica, pp. 598–613.
Toloo, M. (2014) Data Envelopment Analysis with Selected Models and Applications, Ostrava: VŠB‐TU Ostrava Series on Advanced Economic Issues Faculty of Economics.
Waldo, S. (2007) ‘Efficiency in Swedish public education: Competition and voter monitoring’, Education Economics, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290701263195
Zhu, J. (2016) Data Envelopment Analysis: A Handbook of Empirical Studies and Applications, 1st edition, Springer.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Renata Halásková, Beáta Mikušová Meričková, Martina Halásková
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors declare with this manuscript intended for publication to ERIES Journal that:
- all co-authors agree with the publication of the manuscript even after amendments arising from peer review;
- all co-authors agree with the posting of the full text of this work on the web page of ERIES Journal and to the inclusion of references in databases accessible on the internet;
- no results of other researchers were used in the submitted manuscript without their consent, proper citation, or acknowledgement of their cooperation or material provided;
- the results (or any part of them) used in the manuscript have not been sent for publication to any other journal nor have they already been published (or if so, that the relevant works are cited in this manuscript);
- submission of the manuscript for publication was completed in accordance with the publishing regulations pertaining to place of work;
- experiments performed comply with current laws and written consent of the Scientific Ethics Committee / National Animal Care Authority (as is mentioned in the manuscript submitted);
- grant holders confirm that they have been informed of the submitted manuscript and they agree to its publication.
Authors retain copyright and grant ERIES Journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the published work with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. Moreover, authors are able to post the published work in an institutional repository with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. In addition, authors are permitted and encouraged to post the published work online (e.g. institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
